ModuLab XM has modularity at the core of its design. Each system can be configured for electrochemical, material, and photoelectrochemical measurements. At the core of each of them is the frequency response analyzer. Accuracy from design to calibration is at the heart of Solartron's success and reputation in impedance measurements.

Fast ADCs (40 MHz) allow specialized techniques such as harmonic analysis  and intermodulation  at high sampling rate  at all frequencies; unlike subsampling techniques using slower ADCs common to other designs that are subject to aliasing errors. Harmonic analysis is used typically to investigate non-linearity of cells with application in fast power charge/discharge devices.

 

How does energy research benefit from this XM ?

Standard features and available options, such as the high-current amplifiers in ModuLab, open the door to applications that other systems cannot achieve, such as micro-ohm ultra-low impedance cells (next-generation batteries and fuel cells, for example). example). Additional voltage measurements access simultaneous impedance measurements of the anode and cathode of a single cell; while the high voltage bias and high voltage compliance use them to measure across batteries of power devices.

 

How is Frequency Response Analyzer (FRA) used in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)?

The FRA interacts with the potentiostat, electrochemical cell, and electrolyte solution to form an EIS instrumentation system. In EIS measurements, the signal is an AC sine wave on a DC background that is applied over a frequency range. EIS data compares the applied signal with the measured response and the result is the magnitude of the impedance and phase shift._cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b- 136bad5cf58d_These give rise to the real and imaginary portions of the impedance.

The most common representation of impedance data is the Nyqusit Plot, sometimes called a complex impedance plot. Nyquist Plot represents the actual impedance on the X-axis and the imaginary component of the impedance on the Axis y.

The different processes are represented as components in an equivalent circuit built from a series of circuit elements. This is based on their respective relationship to frequency. La double layer capacitance is represented as a capacitor because the impedance varies inversely with frequency and with all imaginary impedance. The solution resistance and charge transfer resistance are represented as a resistance because its impedance is independent of frequency and all actual impedance. The central building block of most equivalent circuits is the Randles cell, as it has these three key components: Capacitance of double layer (electrical double layer), Solution Resistance, and Charge Transfer Resistance. Other components representing inductance and diffusion can be added to represent an appropriate circuit model for your cell. proof.

Impedance data helps determine the SoH state of health or state of charge of lithium-ion batteries, corrosion resistance or analyte concentration with sensors based on ​_d04a07d8-9cd1- 3239-9149-20813d6c673b_in impedance. EIS is the fastest growing technique in both applied and research electrochemistry.

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